System and method for availability group database patching

ABSTRACT

A patching operation on an availability group cluster having a plurality of nodes is disclosed. The patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, each including determining a current state of each of the plurality of nodes, selecting a next node based on the current state, and patching the next node. A secondary replica node is selected as the next node before the a primary replica node. Each secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority, upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected, the failover target node is selected based on a second priority, and according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a non-provisional of U.S. provisional Application No. 63/164,315, filed on Mar. 22, 2021, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

Virtual computing systems are widely used in a variety of applications. Virtual computing systems include one or more host machines running one or more virtual machines and other entities (e.g., containers) concurrently. Modern virtual computing systems allow several operating systems and several software applications to be safely run at the same time, thereby increasing resource utilization and performance efficiency. However, the present-day virtual computing systems have limitations due to their configuration and the way they operate.

SUMMARY

In accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, a method is disclosed. The method includes performing, by a processor executing computer-readable instructions stored on a memory, a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster, selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.

In accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, a system is disclosed. The system includes a memory having computer-readable instructions stored thereon; and a processor executing the computer-readable instructions to: perform a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises: determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster; selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.

In accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, a non-transitory computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions stored thereon is disclosed. The computer-readable instructions when executed by a processor cause the processor to: perform a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises: determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster; selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.

The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by reference to the following drawings and the detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example block diagram of a cluster of a virtual computing system, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an example block diagram of a database system of the virtual computing system of FIG. 1, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an example block diagram of an Availability Group (AG) cluster of the virtual computing system of FIG. 1, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an example flow diagram showing a rolling patching operation in the AG of FIG. 3, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is another example flow diagram showing the rolling patching operation, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is an example flow chart outlining operations of a dynamic patching algorithm for implementing the rolling patching operation of FIGS. 4 and 5, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 7-11 are example screenshots for scheduling a rolling patching operation in an AG cluster, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.

The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description and appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only several embodiments in accordance with the disclosure and are therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope, the disclosure will be described with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here. It will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described herein, and illustrated in the figures, can be arranged, substituted, combined, and designed in a wide variety of different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated and made part of this disclosure.

The present disclosure is generally directed to a hyperconverged virtual computing system having a plurality of clusters, with each of the plurality of clusters having a plurality of nodes. Each of the plurality of nodes includes one or more virtual machines and other entities managed by an instance of a monitor such as a hypervisor. These and other components may be part of a datacenter, which may be managed by a user (e.g., an administrator or other authorized personnel). A distributed storage system, for providing storage and protection capabilities, may be associated with the virtual computing system and shared at least partially by each of the plurality of nodes. The virtual computing system may be configured for providing one or more database management services.

Database management services may include database patching services that patch one or more databases (e.g., nodes, virtual machines, virtual disks, etc. associated with the databases) or a database server associated with the databases. Patching may involve updating the database itself or the components associated with the database (e.g., nodes, virtual machines, database server, etc.) to upgrade the database software, apply security fixes, or generally improve the operation of the database or its associated components. A patching operation may involve hours of downtime with no guarantee of success, thereby requiring dedicated human resources to oversee the operation, generally on weekends.

In some embodiments, a client may enter into a Service Level Agreement (“SLA”) with a site operator of a disaster recovery site for using the disaster recovery site. The disaster recovery site is a highly engineered and reliable virtual computing system that provides data recovery and data backup facilities to the client site in accordance with the SLA and maintains a continuity of operation of the client site in the aftermath of a disaster condition. A disaster condition may include planned outages, performance related failures, component failures, power failures, natural calamities, or any other condition that hampers the normal operation of the clusters at the client sites. Generally speaking, and as used herein, a disaster condition is any condition that causes hardware failure or otherwise prevents a hardware component from operating as intended, or results in a downtime at the client site. For example, a condition that causes a malfunction of any cluster at a client site or that significantly hampers the normal operation of any clusters is referred to as a disaster condition. The disaster condition may result in a failover event. When the downtime of the client site is pre-planned, the disaster condition or failover event may be a planned failover event. When the disaster condition of failover event is not pre-planned, the disaster condition or failover event may be an unplanned failover event.

In some embodiments, the virtual computing system may be structured as an Always-On Availability Group (“AG”) that provides replication of a database to multiple locations and the disaster recovery site may be part of that AG. When a disaster condition is detected at one location, a failover event may be triggered such that a copy of the database stored at another location may be used to maintain continuity of operation. The aggregation of all the locations where copies of the database are stored may form an AG cluster. Database patching services may need to be provided in the AG cluster. In some cases, to patch all the locations in the AG cluster, every location may be brought down (e.g., become offline), patched, and restarted (e.g., become online). Such downtime of the AG cluster may impede operations, violate the SLA, and may be undesirable.

Alternatively, in some cases, a rolling patching operation may be used in which each location of the AG cluster may be patched serially one after another. The order in which the locations are selected in the rolling patching operation may be random or pre-defined. Such a random or pre-defined “static” order may not consider the current state of the AG cluster, including any issues or instability in the AG cluster, and may lead to decreased performance, downtime, and may be undesirable.

The present disclosure provides technical solutions that provide improved rolling patching operations, particularly in an AG cluster (e.g., an SQL server AG environment). Specifically, the present disclosure provides a dynamic patching algorithm that intelligently and in real time (or substantially real time) determines the best order in which to select locations for a rolling patching operation. The dynamic patching algorithm is configured to select a next location to patch based on an overall current state of the AG cluster, thereby increasing performance of the AG cluster (e.g., at least by minimizing downtime of the AG cluster).

Referring now to FIG. 1, a cluster 100 of a virtual computing system is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The cluster 100 includes a plurality of nodes, such as a first node 105, a second node 110, and a third node 115. Each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may also be referred to as a “host” or “host machine.” The first node 105 includes database virtual machines (“database VMs”) 120A and 120B (collectively referred to herein as “database VMs 120”), a hypervisor 125 configured to create and run the database VMs, and a controller/service VM 130 configured to manage, route, and otherwise handle workflow requests between the various nodes of the cluster 100. Similarly, the second node 110 includes database VMs 135A and 135B (collectively referred to herein as “database VMs 135”), a hypervisor 140, and a controller/service VM 145, and the third node 115 includes database VMs 150A and 150B (collectively referred to herein as “database VMs 150”), a hypervisor 155, and a controller/service VM 160. The controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, and the controller/service VM 160 are all connected to a network 165 to facilitate communication between the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115. Although not shown, in some embodiments, the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 may also be connected to the network 165. Although the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 are shown herein, in other embodiments, other types of virtual monitors may be used instead. Further, although not shown, one or more of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may include one or more containers managed by a monitor (e.g., container engine).

The cluster 100 also includes and/or is associated with a storage pool 170 (also referred to herein as storage sub-system). The storage pool 170 may include network-attached storage 175 and direct-attached storage 180A, 180B, and 180C. The network-attached storage 175 is accessible via the network 165 and, in some embodiments, may include cloud storage 185, as well as a networked storage 190. In contrast to the network-attached storage 175, which is accessible via the network 165, the direct-attached storage 180A, 180B, and 180C includes storage components that are provided internally within each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115, respectively, such that each of the first, second, and third nodes may access its respective direct-attached storage without having to access the network 165.

It is to be understood that only certain components of the cluster 100 are shown in FIG. 1. Nevertheless, several other components that are needed or desired in the cluster 100 to perform the functions described herein are contemplated and considered within the scope of the present disclosure.

Although three of the plurality of nodes (e.g., the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115) are shown in the cluster 100, in other embodiments, greater than or fewer than three nodes may be provided within the cluster. Likewise, although only two database VMs (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150) are shown on each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115, in other embodiments, the number of the database VMs on each of the first, second, and third nodes may vary to include other numbers of database VMs. Further, the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may have the same number of database VMs (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150) or different number of database VMs.

In some embodiments, each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may be a hardware device, such as a server. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may be an NX-1000 server, NX-3000 server, NX-6000 server, NX-8000 server, etc. provided by Nutanix, Inc. or server computers from Dell, Inc., Lenovo Group Ltd. or Lenovo PC International, Cisco Systems, Inc., etc. In other embodiments, one or more of the first node 105, the second node 110, or the third node 115 may be another type of hardware device, such as a personal computer, an input/output or peripheral unit such as a printer, or any type of device that is suitable for use as a node within the cluster 100. In some embodiments, the cluster 100 may be part of a data center. Further, one or more of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may be organized in a variety of network topologies. Each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may also be configured to communicate and share resources with each other via the network 165. For example, in some embodiments, the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may communicate and share resources with each other via the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, and the controller/service VM 160, and/or the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155.

Also, although not shown, one or more of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 may include one or more processors configured to execute instructions. The instructions may be carried out by a special purpose computer, logic circuits, or hardware circuits of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115. The processors may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. The term “execution” is, for example, the process of running an application or the carrying out of the operation called for by an instruction. The instructions may be written using one or more programming language, scripting language, assembly language, etc. The processors, thus, execute an instruction, meaning that they perform the operations called for by that instruction.

The processors may be operably coupled to the storage pool 170, as well as with other elements of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 to receive, send, and process information, and to control the operations of the underlying first, second, or third node. The processors may retrieve a set of instructions from the storage pool 170, such as, from a permanent memory device like a read only memory (“ROM”) device and copy the instructions in an executable form to a temporary memory device that is generally some form of random access memory (“RAM”). The ROM and RAM may both be part of the storage pool 170, or in some embodiments, may be separately provisioned from the storage pool. In some embodiments, the processors may execute instructions without first copying the instructions to the RAM. Further, the processors may include a single stand-alone processor, or a plurality of processors that use the same or different processing technology.

With respect to the storage pool 170 and particularly with respect to the direct-attached storage 180A, 180B, and 180C, each of the direct-attached storage may include a variety of types of memory devices that are suitable for a virtual computing system. For example, in some embodiments, one or more of the direct-attached storage 180A, 180B, and 180C may include, but is not limited to, any type of RAM, ROM, flash memory, magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips, etc.), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (“CD”), digital versatile disk (“DVD”), etc.), smart cards, solid state devices, etc. Likewise, the network-attached storage 175 may include any of a variety of network accessible storage (e.g., the cloud storage 185, the networked storage 190, etc.) that is suitable for use within the cluster 100 and accessible via the network 165. The storage pool 170, including the network-attached storage 175 and the direct-attached storage 180A, 180B, and 180C, together form a distributed storage system configured to be accessed by each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115 via the network 165, the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, the controller/service VM 160, and/or the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155. In some embodiments, the various storage components in the storage pool 170 may be configured as virtual disks for access by the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, and the database VMs 150.

Each of the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150 is a software-based implementation of a computing machine. The database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150 emulate the functionality of a physical computer. Specifically, the hardware resources, such as processor, memory, storage, etc., of the underlying computer (e.g., the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115) are virtualized or transformed by the respective hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155, into the underlying support for each of the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150 that may run its own operating system and applications on the underlying physical resources just like a real computer. By encapsulating an entire machine, including CPU, memory, operating system, storage devices, and network devices, the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150 are compatible with most standard operating systems (e.g. Windows, Linux, etc.), applications, and device drivers.

Thus, each of the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 is a virtual machine monitor that allows a single physical server computer (e.g., the first node 105, the second node 110, third node 115) to run multiple instances of the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, and the database VMs 150 with each VM sharing the resources of that one physical server computer, potentially across multiple environments. For example, each of the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 may allocate memory and other resources to the underlying VMs (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150A, and the database VMs 150B) from the storage pool 170 to perform one or more functions.

By running the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, and the database VMs 150 on each of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115, respectively, multiple workloads and multiple operating systems may be run on a single piece of underlying hardware computer (e.g., the first node, the second node, and the third node) to increase resource utilization and manage workflow. When new database VMs are created (e.g., installed) on the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115, each of the new database VMs may be configured to be associated with certain hardware resources, software resources, storage resources, and other resources within the cluster 100 to allow those virtual VMs to operate as intended.

The database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150, and any newly created instances of the database VMs may be controlled and managed by their respective instance of the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, and the controller/service VM 160. The controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, and the controller/service VM 160 are configured to communicate with each other via the network 165 to form a distributed system 195. Each of the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, and the controller/service VM 160 may be considered a local management system configured to manage various tasks and operations within the cluster 100. For example, in some embodiments, the local management system may perform various management related tasks on the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, and the database VMs 150.

The hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115, respectively, may be configured to run virtualization software, such as, ESXi from VMWare, AHV from Nutanix, Inc., XenServer from Citrix Systems, Inc., etc. The virtualization software on the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 may be configured for running the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150A, and the database VMs 150B, respectively, and for managing the interactions between those VMs and the underlying hardware of the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115. Each of the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, the controller/service VM 160, the hypervisor 125, the hypervisor 140, and the hypervisor 155 may be configured as suitable for use within the cluster 100.

The network 165 may include any of a variety of wired or wireless network channels that may be suitable for use within the cluster 100. For example, in some embodiments, the network 165 may include wired connections, such as an Ethernet connection, one or more twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, etc. In other embodiments, the network 165 may include wireless connections, such as microwaves, infrared waves, radio waves, spread spectrum technologies, satellites, etc. The network 165 may also be configured to communicate with another device using cellular networks, local area networks, wide area networks, the Internet, etc. In some embodiments, the network 165 may include a combination of wired and wireless communications. The network 165 may also include or be associated with network interfaces, switches, routers, network cards, and/or other hardware, software, and/or firmware components that may be needed or considered desirable to have in facilitating intercommunication within the cluster 100.

Referring still to FIG. 1, in some embodiments, one of the first node 105, the second node 110, or the third node 115 may be configured as a leader node. The leader node may be configured to monitor and handle requests from other nodes in the cluster 100. For example, a particular database VM (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, or the database VMs 150) may direct an input/output request to the controller/service VM (e.g., the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, or the controller/service VM 160, respectively) on the underlying node (e.g., the first node 105, the second node 110, or the third node 115, respectively). Upon receiving the input/output request, that controller/service VM may direct the input/output request to the controller/service VM (e.g., one of the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, or the controller/service VM 160) of the leader node. In some cases, the controller/service VM that receives the input/output request may itself be on the leader node, in which case, the controller/service VM does not transfer the request, but rather handles the request itself.

The controller/service VM of the leader node may fulfil the input/output request (and/or request another component within/outside the cluster 100 to fulfil that request). Upon fulfilling the input/output request, the controller/service VM of the leader node may send a response back to the controller/service VM of the node from which the request was received, which in turn may pass the response to the database VM that initiated the request. In a similar manner, the leader node may also be configured to receive and handle requests (e.g., user requests) from outside of the cluster 100. If the leader node fails, another leader node may be designated.

Additionally, in some embodiments, although not shown, the cluster 100 may be associated with a central management system that is configured to manage and control the operation of multiple clusters in the virtual computing system. In some embodiments, the central management system may be configured to communicate with the local management systems on each of the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, the controller/service VM 160 for controlling the various clusters.

Again, it is to be understood again that only certain components and features of the cluster 100 are shown and described herein. Nevertheless, other components and features that may be needed or desired to perform the functions described herein are contemplated and considered within the scope of the present disclosure. It is also to be understood that the configuration of the various components of the cluster 100 described above is only an example and is not intended to be limiting in any way. Rather, the configuration of those components may vary to perform the functions described herein.

Turning now to FIG. 2, an example block diagram of a database system 200 is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. FIG. 2 is discussed in conjunction with FIG. 1. The database system 200 or portions thereof may be configured as utility software for creating and implementing database management services. The database system 200 is configured to facilitate creation/registration, protection, querying, and/or administration of databases associated therewith. In other words, the database system 200 is configured to provide a variety of database services or database management services related to the databases associated therewith. Thus, the database system 200 includes a database management system 205 (e.g., database service) that is configured to receive input from, and provide output to, a user via a dashboard 210. The database management system 205 is also associated with a database storage system 215 that is configured to store one or more databases under management of the database system 200. In association with the dashboard 210 and the database storage system 215, the database management system 205 is configured to implement one or more database management services of the database system 200. For example, the database management system 205 may be configured to provide database provisioning services to create new databases and register existing databases with the database system 200 using a database provisioning system 220. The database management system 205 may also be configured to protect databases created or registered by the database provisioning system 220 via a database protection system 225. Additional details of the database provisioning services and the database protection services are described in U.S. application Ser. No. 16/228,728, filed on Dec. 20, 2018, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.

In some embodiments, the database management system 205 may be configured to provide database patching services via a database patching system 230. The database patching system 230 may be used to apply one or more patches to one or more databases under management of the database system 200. Patching may involve updating the databases stored in the database storage system 215, the virtual machines and/or nodes on which those databases are stored, and/or a database server 235 to upgrade the database software, apply security fixes, or generally improve the databases/database server or its associated elements. The database patching system 230 is described in greater detail below. The database management system 205 may be configured to provide other or additional types of database management services as well.

Although the database provisioning system 220, the database protection system 225, and the database patching system 230 are shown as separate components, in some embodiments, one or more of the database provisioning system, the database protection system, and the database patching system may be combined, and the combined component may perform the operations of the individual components. Although not shown, the database management system 205 may include other or additional components that provide other or additional database management services. The database management services (e.g., the provisioning services, protection services, patching services, etc.) may particularly be executed by the database server 235 of the database management system 205. Thus, in some embodiments, the database server 235 may implement database provisioning services via the database provisioning system 220, copy data management services via the database protection system 225, database patching via the database patching system 230, and any other database management service to the databases stored in the database storage system 215.

The database server 235, configured to provide database services, may be installed on a database VM (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150 of FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the database server 235 may be installed via the controller/service VM (e.g., the controller/service VM 130, the controller/service VM 145, the controller/service VM 160) of the node (e.g., the first node 105, the second node 110, and the third node 115) on which the database server is to be installed. For example, an administrator desiring to install the database server 235 may download a copy on write image file (e.g., qcow or qcow2 image file) on the controller/service VM to define the content and structure of a disk volume to be associated with the database server 235. In some embodiments, instead of a copy on write image file, another type of disk image file, depending upon the type of underlying hypervisor, may be installed. Further, the administrator may create a new database VM on the node on which the database server 235 is to reside. As part of creating the new database VM, the administrator may allocate a particular number of virtual central processors (vCPU) to each of the database VMs, define the number of cores that are desired in each vCPU, designate a specific amount of memory to each of the database VMs, attach a database storage device (e.g., a virtual disk from the storage pool 170) with the database VM, and allocate other compute resources. In some embodiments, allocation of these compute resources (e.g., CPU, memory, etc.) may be provided by a compute profile. Thus, a compute profile may define the size/configuration of the database VM on which the database server 235 is to reside. In some embodiments, a default compute profile (e.g., 2vCPU, 4 GB) may be defined for the database server 235. In other embodiments, the administrator may select the compute profile from a list of available compute profiles. In some embodiments, a custom compute profile may be defined by the administrator.

In some embodiments, the administrator may also create a new network interface (e.g., associate a virtual local area network (VLAN), assign an Internet Protocol (“IP”) address to access the database server 235, etc.) the database VM. Such network related details may be provided via a network profile. Thus, a network profile may identify the network location of the database VM on which the database server 235 is to reside. In some embodiments, a default network profile may be defined for the database server 235. In other embodiments, the administrator may select the network profile from a list of available network profiles. In some embodiments, a custom network profile may be defined by the administrator.

Further, in some embodiments, the administrator may also provide a software profile for the database VM of the database server 235. A software profile may define the software and operating system parameters for the database server 235. For example, in some embodiments, the software profile may include one or more software and operations system image profiles associated with a particular database engine that the is associated with the database system 200. Each software profile may define the rules that are to be applied in performing the various database management services. In some embodiments, a default software profile may be defined for the database server 235. In other embodiments, the administrator may select the software profile from a list of available software profiles. In some embodiments, a custom software profile may be defined by the administrator.

In addition to defining a compute profile, a network profile, and a software profile for the database server 235, in some embodiments, the administrator may also define a database parameter profile for the database server 235. A database parameter profile may define custom parameters (e.g., database configurations such as maximum allowed connections from clients, number of shared buffers, compaction intervals, etc.) that are applied to the database server 235. In some embodiments, a default database parameter profile may be defined for the database server 235. In other embodiments, the administrator may select the database parameter profile from a list of available database parameter profiles. In some embodiments, a custom database parameter profile may be defined by the administrator. In some embodiments, the database parameter profile (e.g., the database configuration and parameters) may be dynamically/automatically adjusted depending upon the amount of memory (and/or other compute resources) provided to the database VM of the database server 235.

Thus, the administrator may define one or more of the compute profile, the network profile, the software profile, and the database parameter profile for the database VM of the database server 235. The administrator may perform additional and/or other actions to create the database VM on which the database server 235 resides upon creation and installation of the disk image file. In some embodiments, in addition to the creation of the database VM for the database server 235 and installing the database server on the database VM, the dashboard 210 may need to be installed. In some embodiments, the installation of the database server 235 may also install the dashboard 210. In other embodiments, the dashboard 210 may need to be separately installed from the database server 235. Whether installed together with or separately from the database server 235, in some embodiments, the dashboard 210 may be installed on the same database VM as the database server 235. In other embodiments, the dashboard 210 and the database server 235 may be installed on separate database VMs but operationally associated such that a user may access the database server via the dashboard.

Upon installing the database server 235, a user (e.g., the administrator or other user authorized to access the database system 200) may access the dashboard 210. The dashboard 210 may form the front end of the database system 200 and the database management system 205, including the database server 235 and the database storage system 215, may form the backend of the database system. The database server 235 may be accessed via a computing device associated with the virtual computing system (e.g., of FIG. 1). In other embodiments, instead of or in addition to being accessible via a particular computing device, the database server 235 may be hosted on a cloud service and may be accessed via the cloud. In some embodiments, the database server 235 may additionally or alternatively be configured as a mobile application suitable for access from a mobile computing device (e.g., a mobile phone). In some embodiments, the database server 235 may be accessed via the dashboard 210, which in turn may be accessed via an Application Programming Interface (“API”) 240. To access the database server 235, a user may access the dashboard 210 through the API 240. The user may use designated devices such as laptops, desktops, tablets, mobile devices, other handheld or portable devices, and/or other types of computing devices that are configured to access the API 240. These devices may be different from the computing device on which the database system 200 is installed.

In some embodiments and when the dashboard 210 is configured for access via the API 240, the user may access the dashboard via a web browser and upon entering a uniform resource locator (“URL”) for the API such as the IP address of the database server 235 or other web address. Using the API 240 and the dashboard 210, the users may then send instructions to the database server 235 and receive information back from the database server. In some embodiments, the API 240 may be a representational state transfer (“REST”) type of API. In other embodiments, the API 240 may be any other type of web or other type of API (e.g., ASP.NET) built using any of a variety of technologies, such as Java, .Net, etc., that is capable of accessing the database server 235 and facilitating communication between the users and the database server. In some embodiments, the API 240 may be configured to facilitate communication via a hypertext transfer protocol (“HTTP”) or hypertext transfer protocol secure (“HTTPS”) type request. The API 240 may receive an HTTP/HTTPS request and send an HTTP/HTTPS response back. In other embodiments, the API 240 may be configured to facilitate communication using other or additional types of communication protocols. In other embodiments, the database server 235 may be configured for access in other ways.

The dashboard 210 provides a user interface that facilitates human-computer interaction between the users and the database server 235. The dashboard 210 is configured to receive user inputs from the users via a graphical user interface (“GUI”) and transmit those user inputs to the database server 235. The dashboard 210 is also configured to receive outputs/information from the database server 235 and present those outputs/information to the users via the GUI of the management system. The GUI may present a variety of graphical icons, windows, visual indicators, menus, visual widgets, and other indicia to facilitate user interaction. In other embodiments, the dashboard 210 may be configured as other types of user interfaces, including for example, text-based user interfaces and other man-machine interfaces. Thus, the dashboard 210 may be configured in a variety of ways.

Further, the dashboard 210 may be configured to receive user inputs in a variety of ways. For example, the dashboard 210 may be configured to receive the user inputs using input technologies including, but not limited to, a keyboard, a stylus and/or touch screen, a mouse, a track ball, a keypad, a microphone, voice recognition, motion recognition, remote controllers, input ports, one or more buttons, dials, joysticks, etc. that allow an external source, such as the user, to enter information into the database system 200. The dashboard 210 may also be configured to present outputs/information to the users in a variety of ways. For example, the dashboard 210 may be configured to present information to external systems such as users, memory, printers, speakers, etc. Therefore, although not shown, dashboard 210 may be associated with a variety of hardware, software, firmware components, or combinations thereof. Generally speaking, the dashboard 210 may be associated with any type of hardware, software, and/or firmware component that enables the database server 235 to perform the functions described herein.

Thus, the dashboard 210 may receive a user request (e.g., an input) from the user and transmits that user request to the database server 235. In some embodiments, the user request may be to request a database management service. For example, in some embodiments, the user request may be to request a database patching service. In response to the user request for a database patching service, the database server 235 may activate the database patching system 230. Similarly, the user may request other or additional database management services. Generally speaking, all operations performed by the database server 235 are broadly referred to herein as a database management service or a database management operation.

The database server 235 may be configured as, and/or operate in association with, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof. Specifically, the database server 235 may include, or be associated with, a processor 245 configured to execute instructions for implementing the database management services of the database server. In some embodiments, each of the database provisioning system 220, the database protection system 225, and/or the database patching system 230 may have their own separate instance of the processor 245. The processor 245 may be implemented in hardware, firmware, software, or any combination thereof. “Executing an instruction” means that the processor 245 performs the operations called for by that instruction. The processor 245 may retrieve a set of instructions from a memory for execution. For example, in some embodiments, the processor 245 may retrieve the instructions from a permanent memory device like a read only memory (ROM) device and copy the instructions in an executable form to a temporary memory device that is generally some form of random access memory (RAM). The ROM and RAM may both be part of the storage pool 170 and/or provisioned separately from the storage pool. In some embodiments, the processor 245 may be configured to execute instructions without first copying those instructions to the RAM. The processor 245 may be a special purpose computer, and include logic circuits, hardware circuits, etc. to carry out the instructions. The processor 245 may include a single stand-alone processor, or a plurality of processors that use the same or different processing technology. The instructions may be written using one or more programming language, scripting language, assembly language, etc.

The database server 235 may also include a memory 250. The memory 250 may be provisioned from or be associated with the storage pool 170. In some embodiments, the memory 250 may be separate from the storage pool 170. The memory 250 may be any of a variety of volatile and/or non-volatile memories that may be considered suitable for use with the database server 235. In some embodiments, the memory 250 may be configured to store the instructions that are used by the processor 245. Further, although not shown, in some embodiments, the database provisioning system 220, the database protection system 225, and/or the database patching system 230 may each, additionally or alternatively, have their own dedicated memory.

Further, the database server 235 may be configured to handle a variety of types of database engine types. For example, in some embodiments, the database server 235 may be configured to manage PostgreSQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL server, and MySQL database engine types. In other embodiments, the database server 235 may be configured to manage other or additional database engine types. Each database that is created within or registered with the database system 200 may be of a particular “database engine type.” The database engine type may identify the type of database management system (e.g., Oracle, PostgreSQL, etc.) of a particular database. By virtue of creating or registering a database with a particular database engine type, that database is managed in accordance with the rules of that database engine type. Thus, the database server 235 is configured to be operable with and manage databases associated with a variety of database engine types.

It is to be understood that only some components of the database server 235 are shown and discussed herein. In other embodiments, the database server 235, and generally the database management system 205, may also include other components that are considered necessary or desirable in implementing the various database management services discussed herein. Further, the database server 235 may also be referred to as a database service 235.

Referring still to FIG. 2, the database storage system 215 is configured to store one or more databases (e.g., customer databases) that are either created within the database system 200 or registered with the database system. The database storage system 215 may include a source database storage 255 and a target database storage 260. The source database storage 255 is configured to store the original instances of the databases (also referred to herein as source databases) that are created within or registered with the database system 200 or restored using backups. The target database storage 260 is configured to store the clones of the source databases (also referred to herein as cloned databases). In some embodiments, the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may be provisioned from the storage pool 170 and may include one or more virtual disk storage. For example, in some embodiments, the source database storage 255 may be associated with one or more database VMs (referred to herein as source database VMs) and the source databases stored within the source database storage may be stored within the virtual disks associated with the source database VMs. Similarly, in some embodiments, the target database storage 260 may be associated with one or more database VMs (referred to herein as target database VMs) and the databases stored within the target database storage may be stored within the virtual disks associated with the target database VMs. In some embodiments, each source database VM may be configured to store one or more source databases and each target database VM may be configured to store one or more target databases.

In other embodiments, the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may additionally or alternatively be provisioned from other types of storage associated with the database system 200. For example, in some embodiments, either or both of the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may be provisioned from the database storage device attached to the database server 235. In other embodiments, the source database storage 255 and/or the target database storage 260 may be separate from the database storage device attached to the database server 235. Further, in some embodiments, the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may be provisioned from the same storage. In other embodiments, the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may be provisioned from separate storage devices. Thus, the source database storage 255 and the target database storage 260 may be provisioned in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, the databases in the source database storage 255 and/or the target database storage 260 may be configured as an Availability Group (AG). The AG is discussed in FIG. 3 below.

It is to be understood that only some components of the database storage system 215 are shown and discussed herein. In other embodiments, the database storage system 215, including the source database storage 255 and/or the target database storage 260, may include other components that are considered necessary or desirable in implementing the various database management services discussed herein.

Turning now to FIG. 3, an example block diagram of an AG cluster 300 is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The AG cluster 300 may be used to provide a replicated environment for a source database. A source database for which an AG cluster (e.g., the AG cluster 300) is structured may be referred to as an availability database. The AG cluster 300 provides a replicated environment that stores multiple copies of an availability database (e.g., copies of the source database in multiple locations). Thus, in some embodiments, the AG cluster 300 may include a plurality of nodes for storing multiple copies of an availability database, and each of the plurality of nodes may be designated as either a primary replica node or a secondary replica node. For example, in some embodiments, the AG cluster 300 may include a primary replica node 305 and secondary replica nodes 310 and 315.

In some embodiments, each of the primary replica node 305 and the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be analogous to and, have similar elements as, the first node 105, the second node 110, and/or the third node 115. In other embodiments, each of the primary replica node 305 and the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be part of the same node (e.g., one of the first node 105, the second node 110, or the third node 115), but may reside on separate database virtual machines (e.g., the database VMs 120, the database VMs 135, the database VMs 150) of that node. Thus, although the term “node” is used to describe the primary replica node 305 and the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315, in some embodiments, the “nodes” may mean virtual machines. Further, in some embodiments, the primary replica node 305 and each of the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be part of the same cluster (e.g., the cluster 100), while in other embodiments, one or more of the primary replica node and/or one or more of the secondary replica nodes may be part of separate clusters. Thus, the primary replica node 305 and the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be configured in a variety of ways.

Because there are three total number of nodes (e.g., the primary replica node 305 and the secondary replica nodes 310, 315) in the AG cluster 300, the AG cluster provides an AG of 3. It is to be understood that in other embodiments, the AG cluster 300 may include greater than or less than three nodes. Specifically, in some embodiments, the AG cluster 300 may include greater than or less than two secondary replica nodes (e.g., the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315). In some embodiments, the AG cluster 300 may include greater than one primary replica node (e.g., the primary replica node 305). In other words, the AG cluster 300 may have an availability group of greater than 3 or less than 3 depending upon the total number of nodes in the AG cluster 300.

The AG cluster 300 is shown to include a set of availability databases 320 (e.g., DB1, DB2). Although the set of availability databases 320 is shown to include two databases (e.g., DB1, DB2), in other embodiments, the set of availability databases may include a single availability database or greater than two availability databases. Further, although the set of availability databases 320 are described as being stored on “nodes,” it is to be understood that the set of availability databases are in fact stored on one or more storage devices associated with those nodes. The set of availability databases 320 may be hosted on the primary replica node 305 and replicated, for database protection, to the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 of the AG cluster 300 as copies 325 and 330, respectively.

It is to be understood that although the description above describes and FIG. 3 shows creating copies of the entire set of availability databases 320 (e.g., DB1, DB2), in some embodiments, copies of only a subset of the set of availability databases may be created. Thus, in some embodiments, one or more copies of one or more databases (e.g., DB1 or DB2) in the set of availability databases 320 may be created and stored on the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315. Further, although not shown, in some embodiments, one or more copies of one or more databases in the set of availability databases 320 may be stored on the primary replica node 305 as well.

In some embodiments, read/write operations on the databases (DB1, DB2) of the set of availability databases 320 may be performed on the primary replica node 305. In some embodiments, the copies 325 and 330 of the set of availability databases 320 on each of the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315, respectively, may be updated, synchronously or asynchronously, based on the set of availability databases on the primary replica node 305. Synchronous replication may entail updating the copies 325, 330 (or creating new copies and deleting the old ones) instantaneously or substantially instantaneously as changes are made to any database in the set of availability databases 320 on the primary replica node 305, thereby ensuring that the copies are constantly updated. Asynchronous replication may entail updating the copies 325, 330 (or creating new copies and deleting the old ones) on the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 periodically (e.g., not instantaneously or substantially instantaneously).

By maintaining the copies 325 and 330 on the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315, respectively, when the primary replica node 305 becomes unavailable (e.g., due to a disaster condition), the set of availability databases 320 may be accessed and operated using the copies 325 and/or 330, thereby ensuring continuity of operation. In some embodiments, when the primary replica node 305 fails, the database management system 205 may automatically switch to one of the secondary replica nodes 310 or 315, which may assume the role of the primary replica node. Thus, the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be used for disaster recovery purposes. In some embodiments, in addition to disaster recovery or instead of disaster recovery, the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may be used for read balancing. For example, when the primary replica node 305 is servicing a high volume of read requests (e.g., read requests greater than a predetermined threshold) on the set of availability databases 320, and since read requests do not require modification of data, in some embodiments, at least some of those read requests may be serviced from the copies 325 and/or 330, respectively, to provide read balancing. By providing read balancing, read requests may be serviced faster without overloading the resources of the primary replica node 305. In some embodiments, the secondary replica nodes 310, 315 may be used for other purposes (e.g., testing, etc.)

Additionally, since in FIG. 3, a single copy (e.g., the copies 325 and 330) of the set of availability databases 320 exists on each of the secondary replica nodes 310, 315, the AG cluster 300 has a replication factor of 1. In other embodiments, more than one copy of the set of availability databases may be provided on one or more of the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 to have a replication factor of greater than 1. In some embodiments, each of the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may have the same number of copies such that the replication factor of each of the secondary replica nodes is the same. In other embodiments, each (or at least some) of the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315 may have a replication factor that is different from the other secondary replica nodes. Thus, in some embodiments, the replication factor on the secondary replica node 310 may be different from the replication factor on the secondary replica node 315. Further, although not shown, the primary replica node 305 may also store a copy of one or more databases of the set of availability databases 320. The replication factor on the primary replica node 305 may be same as or different from the replication factor on the secondary replica nodes 310 and/or 315.

When software updates or other fixes are available that need to be applied to the set of availability databases 320 (and/or the underlying components such as virtual machines, storage devices, operating system, firmware, etc. with which the availability databases 320 are associated), those updates/fixes also need to be applied to the copies 325 and 330 of the set of availability databases. Applying a patch to an AG may mean applying a patch or performing a patching operation to the availability database itself, the copies of the availability database, the node/virtual machine/virtual disk or another component associated with the availability database or the copies of the availability database, and/or the database controller (e.g., the database controller 205) managing the availability database and the copies of the availability database, the operating system, firmware, etc. For purposes of explanation only, the description below is with respect to applying a patch to a node of an AG. However, the description may be used for applying a patch similarly to other elements of the AG.

Applying a patch to a node of an AG may be complicated, particularly since conventional mechanisms require a downtime of the node on which the patch is being applied. Such downtime may be undesirable. In some embodiments, the primary replica node and all the secondary replica nodes may be patched simultaneously, causing all the nodes to be down at the same time, which may also be undesirable. Thus, in some embodiments, a rolling patching operation may be used. Using a rolling patching operation, nodes may be patched in a rolling or serial fashion. In other words, when patching of one node is complete, patching on another node begins. In some embodiments, the order in which to patch the nodes may be random. In other embodiments, the order may be pre-decided and programmed within the database patching system 230. However, such “static” orders of the rolling patching operation do not consider the current state of operations in the nodes and may degrade performance.

Further, and although not shown in FIG. 3, in some embodiments, a particular node may be a primary replica node for one availability database and the same node may be a secondary replica node for another availability database. When a patch is being applied to a node that serves as both a primary replica node and a secondary replica node, patching may be complicated even further. For example, when a first node that serves as a primary replica node for a first availability database is being patched, in some embodiments, a second node that serves as a secondary replica node for the first availability database may take over the role of the primary replica node. However, in some embodiments, the first node may also serve as a secondary replica node for a second availability database and that secondary replica node may assume the role of the primary replica node while a third node that serves as a primary replica node of the second availability database goes down. In such cases, if the first node is down due to patching, the second availability database may become unavailable until the first node is restarted, which may be undesirable. Thus, downtime of nodes that may impact the operations of the AG may be undesirable during patching.

Therefore, the present disclosure provides an improved mechanism of dynamic rolling patching operations with zero or substantially zero downtime of the AG cluster 300. An example of a rolling patching operation of the present disclosure is shown in FIG. 4 below. The patching operation may be performed in any suitable way. For example, in some embodiments, a software profile may be used for patching. A software profile may define the end state of an availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database. The software profile may capture regular changes in the software configuration (e.g., operating system changes, database software changes, other supporting software changes, etc.) over a period of time. These changes, more commonly known as patches/updates/upgrades, may be desired because of the addition of security bug fixes, enhancements, and new features in every release of the product. The software profile may help database designers in controlling and standardizing database deployments within their organizations, thereby reducing the configuration pollution. A software profile may have multiple versions, and an availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database may be patched from any of the available versions of the software profile. In some embodiments, a first version of the database profile may be created from a base release of the patch and cumulative updates may be made to the software profile to create newer versions.

Thus, a software profile may be considered a set of gold images that represent the desired software configurations (e.g., operating system, database software disks, etc.) of the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database. In some embodiments, the database patching system 230 may extract the operating system and the database software disks associated with the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database, sanitize the disks, and store them as a template. This template may be considered a version of a software profile. To patch an availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or a database server associated with the availability database, the database patching system 230 may clone the software disks from the software profile and migrate the availability database from the old software profile to the new one.

Since a software profile may define the end state for an availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database, no matter the existing configuration, patching with a software profile may bring the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database to the exact software state as defined in the software profile. Thus, software profiles may minimize configuration pollution. Thus, to apply a patch to a node using a software profile, the patch (e.g., a binary file associated with the patch) may be uploaded (e.g., via the dashboard 210 to the database patching system 230 or another designated location). A new version of the software profile may be created with the uploaded patch.

The new version of the software profile version may be cloned on the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database being patched. The old data from the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database may be migrated to the cloned software profile. For example, the old database software, the old operating system, the old database, and/or any other supporting component may be migrated to the cloned software profile. Upon migration, the old data may be deleted. Since the cloned software profile is associated with a software profile having the most recent patch, by applying the cloned software profile, the patch may be applied to the availability database (e.g., of the node/virtual machine/virtual disk, etc. associated with the availability database) and/or the database server associated with the availability database. In other embodiments, other mechanisms may be used to perform patching.

Turning now to FIG. 4, an example of a rolling patching operation in an AG cluster is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The example of FIG. 4 shows a first node 400, a second node 405, and a third node 410. In some embodiments, the first node 400 may be analogous to the primary replica node 305, and the second node 405 and the third node 410 may be analogous to the secondary replica nodes 310 and 315, respectively. The availability database stored on the first node 400 may be considered a primary copy of an availability database, and copies of the availability database stored on each of the second node 405 and the third node 410 may be considered a secondary copy of the availability database. Although FIG. 4 shows three nodes, in other embodiments, greater than or fewer than 3 nodes may be provided. Further, in some embodiments, the copy of the availability database on the second node 405 may be configured for synchronous replication with the availability database stored on the first node 400, while the copy of the availability database on the third node 410 may be configured for asynchronous replication with the availability database stored on the first node. The first node 400, the second node 405, and the third node 410 may be part of an AG cluster similar to the AG cluster 300.

Thus, before a patching begins on the AG cluster of FIG. 4, a status of each of the first node 400, the second node 405, and the third node 410 is shown at operation 415. Specifically, the operation 415 shows that the first node 400 is the primary replica node storing a primary copy of an availability database, the second node 405 is a secondary replica node storing a secondary copy of the availability database and configured for synchronous replication, while the third node 410 is a secondary replica node storing a copy of the availability database and configured for asynchronous replication. In some embodiments, the rolling patching operation may proceed by patching the secondary replica nodes before patching the primary replica nodes. Thus, in some embodiments, the second node 405 and the third node 410 may be patched before patching the first node 400. By patching the secondary replica nodes before patching the primary replica node, normal operations within the AG cluster may continue on the primary replica node while the secondary replica nodes are being patched to minimize disruptions or downtime in the AG cluster.

Further, in some embodiments, of the secondary replica nodes, the nodes that are configured for asynchronous replication may be patched before patching the nodes configured for synchronous replication. Thus, as shown at operation 420, the third node 410, which is configured for asynchronous replication is patched. The first node 400 and the second node 405 are not patched at this time and may continue operating as usual. By patching the asynchronous node (e.g., the third node 410) first, if the first node 400 goes down and a failover happens to the second node 410, since the second node is synchronously replicated with the first node, continuity of operation may be maintained with minimal or no data loss. Upon completing patching of the third node 410, at operation 425, the second node 405 may be patched. At the operation 425, the first node 400 is awaiting to be patched, the second node 405 is undergoing patching, while the third node 410 has completed patching.

In some embodiments, before starting a patching operation on a node, a snapshot of that node (e.g., every virtual machine on which the availability database has data) may be taken. By taking a snapshot before patching, if the patching operation fails for some reason or the node becomes unstable for some reason, the state of the node may be restored to the state before the patching operation began. Thus, before patching the second node 405, a snapshot of the second node may be taken and stored.

Upon completing patching of the secondary replica nodes (e.g., the second node 405 and the third node 410), the primary replica node (e.g., the first node 400) may begin patching. To patch the primary replica node (e.g., the first node 400), a failover operation may be performed. By performing a failover operation, in some embodiments, a secondary replica node may assume the role of the primary replica node at least temporarily. For example, before the failover operation, the first node 400 may be the primary replica node. After the failover, the second node 405 may assume the role of the primary replica node at least temporarily, as shown by arrow 430. After the failover, the first node 400 may assume the role of a secondary replica node. After the failover, operations that were being performed on the first node 400 may be performed on the second node 405. In other embodiments, the failover may occur from the first node 400 to the third node 410. By performing a failover, the AG cluster may maintain continuity of operations with minimal disruptions.

At operation 435, upon the failover to the second node 405, the first node 400 is patched. Upon completing the patching operation at the first node, at operation 440, another failover operation may be performed from the second node 405 to the first node 400, as shown by arrow 445. In other words, upon the completion of patching of the first node 400, the second node 405 may relinquish the role of the primary replica node and the first node may assume the role of the primary replica node again. After the failover, normal operations may continue as before the patching.

Turning to FIG. 5, another example of a rolling patching operation is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In contrast to FIG. 4 in which each node has a single availability database, FIG. 5 shows an example in which multiple availability databases may exist on a single node. FIG. 5 shows an example with a first node 500 and a second node 505. Both the first node 500 and the second node 505 may be part of at least one AG. For example, each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 may be part of a first AG 510 and a second AG 515. Thus, each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 may be part of a first AG cluster forming the first AG 510 and a second AG cluster forming the second AG 515.

Although the patching operation is discussed with two nodes in FIG. 5, the patching operation may be performed with greater than two nodes, with each node being part of one or more AG. As part of the first AG 510, the first node 500 may include a primary copy of a first availability database. As part of the second AG 515, the first node 500 may include a secondary copy of a second availability database. The primary copy of the first availability database and the secondary copy of the second availability database may be stored on different virtual machines of the first node 500 or the same virtual machine. In other embodiments, the first node 500 may also include the primary copy of the second availability database and/or be part of additional AG storing primary and/or secondary copies of the availability databases of those additional AG.

Similarly, as part of the first AG 510, the second node 505 may include a secondary copy of the first availability database. As part of the second AG 515, the second node 505 may include a primary copy of the second availability database. The primary copy of the second availability database and the secondary copy of the first availability database may be stored on different virtual machines of the second node 505 or the same virtual machine. In other embodiments, the second node 505 may include the primary copy of the first availability database, a secondary copy of the second availability database, and/or be part of additional AG storing primary and/or secondary copies of the availability databases of those additional AG. Thus, each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 may be a primary replica node and/or a secondary replica node.

Thus, operation 520 shows the status of the first node 500 and the second node 505 before the patching operation begins. Specifically, before the patching operation begins, the first node 500 stores a primary copy of the first availability database of the first AG 510 and a secondary copy of the second availability database of the second AG 515, while the second node 505 stores a secondary copy of the first availability database of the first AG 510 and a primary copy of the second availability database of the second AG 515. At the operation 520, neither the first node 500 nor the second node 505 has been patched. When a patching operation is to be performed, as discussed above with respect to FIG. 4, the nodes that store only secondary copies of an availability database are first patched. Thus, if FIG. 5 included a node having only secondary copies of the first availability database and the second availability database, that node would be patched before either the first node 500 or the second node 505.

Furthermore, as indicated above, asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes may be patched before synchronously replicated secondary nodes. Thus, in some embodiments, the nodes having only asynchronously replicated secondary copies may be patched before nodes having only synchronously replicated secondary copies. Further, in some embodiments, a node may have both asynchronously and synchronously replicated secondary copies of one or more availability databases. These nodes may be patched either after patching the nodes having only asynchronously replicated secondary copies or after patching the nodes having only synchronously replicated secondary copies.

Upon patching nodes having secondary copies only of the first availability database and the second availability database, nodes having at least one primary copy of the first availability database and the second availability may be patched. Thus, since each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 includes a primary copy, the patching of those nodes is performed after the patching of any nodes having secondary copies only. In some embodiments, the first node 500 and the second node 505 may be patched in series (e.g., one after another). In some embodiments, which of the first node 500 or the second node 505 to pick for patching first may vary based on a variety of factors. For example, in some embodiments, the node with a lower current workload may be selected first. In other embodiments, other considerations may be used to select either the first node 500 or the second node 505 to be patched first. In the example below, the second node 505 has been picked.

Thus, to patch the second node 505, a failover operation may be performed to migrate the primary copy of the second availability database from the second node to the first node 500, as shown by arrow 525. After the failover, the first node 500 may assume the role of the primary replica node for the second availability database. In other embodiments, assuming there are other nodes available in the second AG 515, the primary copy of the second availability database may be failed over to another node (e.g., another patched node or another node). At operation 530, the second node 505 is patched, as indicated by box 535. Upon completing patching of the second node 505, at operation 540, another failover operation may be performed from the first node 500 to the second node 505 by which the primary copy of the second availability database is migrated back to the second node and the second node resumes the role of the primary replica node for the second availability database of the second AG 515, as shown by arrow 545.

Upon completing patching of the second node 505, the first node 500 may be patched. The process of patching the first node 500 may be similar to the second node 505. Thus, a failover operation may be performed from the first node 500 to the second node 505 for the first availability database of the first AG 510 such that the second node at least temporarily assumes the role of the primary replica node for the first availability database, as shown by arrow 550.

At operation 555, upon completing failover of the first availability database to the second node 505, the first node 500 is patched, as shown by box 560. Upon completing patching of the first node 500, another failover operation is performed by which the first node resumes the role of the primary replica node for the first availability database of the first AG 510, as shown by arrow 570. Operation 575 returns the first node 500 and the second node 505 to the pre-patching operation status. In other words, the operation 575 is similar to the operation 520, with the primary copy of the first availability database of the first AG 510 being on the first node 500 and the primary copy of the second availability database of the second AG 515 being on the second node 505. However, in contrast to the operation 520, at the operation 575, the first node 500 and the second node 505 are both patched with a desired update.

Thus, the present disclosure provides a rolling patching mechanism in which asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes are patched before synchronously replicated secondary replica nodes, which in turn are patched before primary replica nodes. By patching secondary replica nodes before primary replica nodes, and by performing failover before patching primary replica nodes, the present disclosure requires no downtime (or substantially no downtime) in the AG cluster for the patching operations. Normal operations may continue while patching is in progress.

In some embodiments, the nodes may be patched from the lowest risk node to the highest risk node. In other words, a lower risk node may be patched before a higher risk node. In some embodiments, an asynchronously replicated secondary replica node may be lower risk than a synchronously replicated secondary replica node, which in turn may be lower risk than a primary replica node. Thus, asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes may be patched before synchronously replicated secondary replica nodes, which in turn may be patched before primary replica nodes. In other embodiments, the risk associated with the asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes, the synchronously replicated secondary replica nodes, and the primary replica nodes may be different. In those cases, patching may be performed from the lowest risk node to the highest risk node. “Risk” may be defined in terms of maintaining continuity of operations of an AG cluster with minimal data loss, minimal disruption, or to satisfy other pre-determined criteria.

In some embodiments, a dynamic patching algorithm may be used to determine the order in which the various nodes may be patched. For example, if an AG cluster includes multiple asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes, the dynamic patching algorithm may be used to decide the order in which those asynchronously replicated secondary replica nodes may be patched. An example dynamic patching algorithm is discussed in FIG. 6 below. The dynamic patching algorithm is an intelligent dynamic process that adapts to connectivity and synchronization issues in the AG cluster at runtime. At runtime, the dynamic patching algorithm determines, in real-time or substantial real-time, the best node to patch next based upon the operating conditions of all the nodes (e.g., a state or health of operation of the nodes) in the AG cluster. The dynamic patching algorithm may also pick the best node in the AG cluster to perform a failover before patching a node that serves as a primary replica node. In some embodiments, the dynamic patching algorithm may be atomic in nature. By being atomic in nature, if a patching operations fails on one of the nodes of an AG cluster, the patch may be removed from the other previously patched nodes of that AG cluster to avoid any computability issues resulting from different nodes having different updates.

Referring now to FIG. 6, an example flowchart outlining operations of a process 600 is shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 600 may be implemented by a controller of the database patching system 230. The controller may include a processor that may be programmed to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory to implement a dynamic patching algorithm and facilitate the rolling patching operations described above in FIGS. 4 and 5. The process 600 may include other or additional operations depending upon the particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the dynamic patching algorithm of the process 600 may be used to apply cumulative updates or service patches to an AG cluster. In other embodiments, the dynamic patching algorithm of the process 600 may be used for other or additional types of patching.

The process 600 starts at operation 605 when a patching operation is desired in an AG cluster. For purposes of explanation only, the process 600 is discussed with respect to FIG. 4. However, the process 600 is equally applicable to FIG. 5. At operation 610, the controller determines if the AG cluster has any unpatched nodes. When the patching operation first begins, all nodes in the AG cluster may be unpatched. However, as the nodes in the AG cluster are patched, the number of unpatched nodes may decrease. In some embodiments, the controller may perform a discovery operation to determine the current patching status of each node in the AG cluster. In other embodiments, the controller may determine the patching status of each node in the AG cluster in other ways. If, at the operation 610, the controller determines that there are unpatched nodes in the AG cluster, the process 600 proceeds to operation 615. On the other hand, if the controller determines that there are no unpatched nodes in the AG cluster, the process 600 ends at operation 620.

At the operation 615, the controller determines the next node in the AG cluster to patch. As discussed above, the dynamic patching algorithm is an intelligent algorithm that executes based on the current state of the AG cluster. In some embodiments, the controller determines the state of the AG cluster by determining a current state of operation of each of the nodes in the AG cluster. In some embodiments, the controller may determine the current state of operation of each of the nodes in the AG cluster by reviewing data (e.g., from logs, counters, etc.) associated with those clusters. In other embodiments, the controller may determine the current state of operation of each of the nodes in the AG cluster in other ways. The current state of a node may include determining a current workload on the node, whether the node is a primary replica node and/or a secondary replica node, whether the node is reporting any errors or alerts (e.g., reduced latency, increased CPU consumption, low memory, etc.), whether the node is set for asynchronous or synchronous replication, and/or other features that may be considered suitable.

Based on the current state of the AG cluster, the controller selects one node to patch from the pool of unpatched nodes in the AG cluster. In some embodiments, the controller may select the next node to patch based on a priority. Specifically, in some embodiments, each node in an AG cluster may have a priority associated therewith. The controller may be designated to select the highest priority node as the next node for patching. In some embodiments, the priority may be assigned as follows:

Primary Replica Node: 5+number of AG on the node

Unhealthy Synchronous Secondary Replica Node Local/Remote: 4

Healthy Synchronous Secondary Replica Node Local: 3

Healthy Synchronous Secondary Replica Node Remote: 2

Healthy or Unhealthy Asynchronous Secondary Replica Node: 1

Thus, in some embodiments, integer numbers may be used for assigning priority to the various nodes in the AG cluster. Although integer numbers are used above, in some embodiments, priority may be designated in other ways. In some embodiments, a priority of 1 may be considered the highest priority and 5 may be considered the lowest priority. In other embodiments, priority may be defined in other ways. Thus, in some embodiments, an asynchronous secondary replica node may have the highest priority and may be patched other nodes in the AG cluster. If there are multiple asynchronous secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, other predetermined criteria may be used to further determine the order for patching those multiple asynchronous secondary replica nodes. In some embodiments, the multiple asynchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched in parallel.

In some embodiments, some nodes in the AG cluster may be considered “unhealthy.” Any node in the AG cluster that is not “unhealthy” is considered “healthy.” Healthy nodes may be patched before unhealthy nodes. A node may be considered “unhealthy” if that is node is down or unavailable, if that node is malfunctioning, if that node is unstable, or otherwise not operating normally. In some embodiments, healthy and unhealthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes may have the highest priority and may be patched first. In some embodiments, healthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched before unhealthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes.

After patching the asynchronous secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, the healthy synchronous secondary replica nodes that are remotely located may be selected for patching. A secondary replica node may be considered “remote” if that secondary replica node is located on a different node or different cluster than the node/cluster on which the controller is located. If there are multiple remotely located healthy synchronous secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, other predetermined criteria may be used to further determine the order for patching those multiple remotely located synchronous secondary replica nodes. Although asynchronous secondary replica nodes are not shown as being local or remote, in some embodiments, the asynchronous secondary replica nodes may also be either local or remote. In such cases, remotely located asynchronous secondary replica node may be selected for patching before locally located asynchronous secondary replica nodes.

The healthy synchronous secondary replica nodes that are locally located may be selected for patching after the patching of the remotely located synchronous secondary replica nodes. A secondary replica node may be considered “local” if that secondary replica node is located on the same node or cluster as the node/cluster that the controller is located on. If there are multiple locally located healthy synchronous secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, other predetermined criteria may be used to further determine the order for patching those multiple locally located synchronous secondary replica nodes.

Thus, when all healthy synchronous and asynchronous secondary replica nodes have been patched, the controller may select an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node to patch. If there are multiple unhealthy secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, other predetermined criteria may be used to further determine the order for patching those multiple unhealthy secondary replica nodes. In some embodiments, at least a subset of the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched in parallel. In some embodiments, unhealthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched after patching healthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes and before patching remotely located healthy synchronous secondary replica nodes. In other embodiments, the unhealthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched after patching all healthy synchronous and asynchronous secondary replica nodes. In some embodiments, at least a subset of the unhealthy asynchronous secondary replica nodes may be patched in parallel. In some embodiments, the unhealthy secondary replica nodes (whether synchronous or asynchronous) may be restored to a healthy state before the patching begins. In other embodiments, the unhealthy secondary replica nodes (whether synchronous or asynchronous) may be patched in an unhealthy state.

In some embodiments, a node may include both synchronous and asynchronous secondary replica nodes. In those cases, the controller may use additional criteria to determine the selection of the next node. For example, in some embodiments, if a node includes more synchronous secondary replica nodes than asynchronous secondary replica nodes, that node may be prioritized based upon priorities for synchronous secondary replica nodes (e.g., may be patched after a node having asynchronous secondary replica nodes only). Similarly, if a node includes more asynchronous secondary replica nodes than synchronous secondary replica nodes, that node may be prioritized after a node having only asynchronous secondary replica nodes but before synchronous secondary replica nodes. In some embodiments, a sum of individual priorities assigned, as above, to each synchronous secondary replica nodes and each asynchronous secondary replica nodes on a particular node may be computed. The computed sum may be the overall priority for that node. In other embodiments, other mechanisms may be used to determine the priority of a node having both synchronous secondary replica nodes and asynchronous secondary replica nodes.

Upon patching all the secondary replica nodes in the AG cluster, the controller may select a primary replica node to patch. If there are multiple primary replica nodes in the AG cluster, other predetermined criteria may be used to further determine the order for patching those multiple primary replica nodes. For example, in some embodiments, the priority of each node having at least one primary replica node may be determined based upon a sum of a predetermined integer value (e.g., 5) and the number of AG on that node. For example, in FIG. 5, each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 has two AG (e.g., the first AG 510 and the second AG 515). Thus, each of the first node 500 and the second node 505 may have a priority of a predetermined integer value (e.g., 5) plus 2 (since each node has 2 AG). If a node has at least one primary replica node (e.g., similar to the first node 500, the second node 505), that node may be treated as a lowest priority node and may be patched last (e.g., after patching all the secondary replica nodes).

Thus, each node in the AG cluster may be assigned a priority and the controller may select a highest priority node as the next node for patching. In some embodiments, the priority assigned to each node in the AG cluster may be dynamic. In other words, the priority assigned to each node may vary based upon the current state of that node. For example, if a first node that serves as a primary replica node fails causing a second node that was previously a secondary replica node to assume the role of the primary replica node, the priorities assigned to the first node and the second node may be updated to reflect the current status of the first node and the second node. Before the failover, when the first node serves as a primary replica node, the first node may have a lower priority than the second node, and may be patched after the second node. However, after the failover when the second node assumes the role of the primary replica node, the priority of the second node may be updated to be possibly lower than the first node. Similarly, in some embodiments, a healthy node may become unhealthy. For example, in some embodiments, a locally located healthy synchronous secondary replica node may become unhealthy. When that occurs, the priority of that node may be changed (e.g., lowered from 3 to 4).

Thus, at the operation 615, the controller selects the next node based upon the priorities assigned to the various nodes in the AG cluster. In some embodiments, the controller may select the highest priority node as the next node. At operation 625, the controller determines if the next node selected at the operation 615 is a primary replica node. If the next node is not a primary replica node, the process 600 proceeds to operation 630 where the next node is patched. In some embodiments, and as discussed above, the next node may be patched using a software profile. In other embodiments, other patching mechanisms may be used. In some embodiments, a patch installer may be used to facilitate the patching. In other embodiments, patching may be accomplished in other ways.

If, at the operation 625, the controller determines that the next node selected at the operation 615 is a primary replica node, the process 600 proceeds to operation 635. At the operation 635, the controller selects a failover target for the primary replica node. As indicated above, before patching a primary replica node, a failover operation is performed during which a secondary replica node assumes the roles of the primary replica node. If there is a single secondary replica node, then the controller fails over the primary replica node to that single secondary replica node. However, if there are multiple secondary replica nodes, the controller needs to pick one of those secondary replica nodes for the replica. In some embodiments, each of the secondary replica nodes may be assigned a failover target priority. The failover target priority may be different from the priority assigned to the nodes for selection of the next node at the operation 615. In some embodiments, the failover target priority may be as follows:

-   -   Patched Asynchronous Secondary Replica Node: −1     -   Unhealthy Unpatched Synchronous Secondary Replica Node: −2     -   Unhealthy Patched Synchronous Secondary Replica Node: −3     -   Healthy Unpatched Synchronous Secondary Replica Node:         −(4+(Number of AG on the node))     -   Healthy Patched Synchronous Secondary Replica Node:         −(5+(2*Number of AG on the node))

In some embodiments, and in contrast to the priority for selecting the next node (which is a positive number), the failover target priority may be a negative number. In other embodiments, the failover target priority may also be positive number, so long as the controller is able to differentiate between the priority for selecting the next node and the failover target priority. In other embodiments, the priority may be assigned in other ways. In some embodiments, “−1” may be the lowest priority. In some embodiments, the controller may be configured to select the highest priority node from the available secondary replica nodes. Thus, for example, in some embodiments, the controller may be configured to select a synchronous secondary replica node before selecting an asynchronous secondary replica node for failover.

Further, in some embodiments, the controller may be configured to select a healthy synchronous secondary replica node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node for the failover. Additionally, in some embodiments, the controller may be configured to select a patched synchronous secondary replica node before an unpatched synchronous secondary replica node. Therefore, in some embodiments, if a healthy patched synchronous secondary replica node is available, the controller may select the healthy patched synchronous secondary replica node as the failover target. If multiple such nodes are available in the AG cluster, the controller may use other predefined criteria to select from those multiple nodes. For example, in some embodiments, the controller may pick a node to achieve load-balancing, such that a node with a lowest workload may be picked. In some embodiments, the node with the most amount of available space may be picked. Other criteria may be used in other embodiments.

If a healthy patched synchronous secondary replica node is not available in the AG cluster, in some embodiments, the controller may select a healthy unpatched synchronous secondary replica node. If an unhealthy unpatched synchronous secondary replica node is also not available, the controller may select an unhealthy patched synchronous secondary replica node. In some embodiments, the controller may wait for the unhealthy patched synchronous secondary replica node to become healthy again before starting the failover operation. If an unhealthy patched synchronous secondary replica node is not available, the controller may select an unhealthy unpatched synchronous secondary replica node. Again, the controller may wait for the unhealthy unpatched synchronous secondary replica node to become healthy before facilitating the failover operation.

If no synchronous secondary replica nodes are available in the AG cluster, the controller may select a healthy or unhealthy patched asynchronous secondary replica node as the failover target. In some embodiments, the controller may convert the asynchronous replication of the asynchronous secondary replica node into synchronous replication before the failover operation. Further, in some embodiments, the controller may wait for an unhealthy node to become healthy again before starting the failover operation. In some embodiments, if no patched asynchronous secondary replica node is available in the AG cluster, the controller may either select an unpatched asynchronous secondary replica node or wait until a patched asynchronous secondary replica node or a synchronous secondary replica node becomes available.

As indicated above, secondary replica nodes are patched before primary replica nodes. However, if a node has both a primary replica node and a secondary replica node, then that node is patched in accordance with the priority rules for the primary replica node. In such cases, the secondary replica node of that node may also remain unpatched. This unpatched secondary replica node may be used as the failover target in accordance with the failover target priority above. Thus, even though primary replica nodes are patched after secondary replica nodes, if a node has at least one primary replica node thereon, the secondary replica nodes of that node may also be patched last along with the primary replica node, and these secondary replica nodes may serve as a failover target for a primary replica node of another node.

Thus, based upon the failover target priority, the controller may select a target failover node. It is to be understood that the failover target priority above is only an example and may be varied in other embodiments. Upon selecting the target failover node at the operation 635, the controller performs a failover operation at operation 640. To perform the failover operation, the controller may designate the target failover node as the primary replica node such that operations that were previously being performed on the next node may be performed on the target failover node. After the failover operation, the next node may assume the role of a secondary replica node.

Upon performing the failover, the controller patches the next node at operation 630, as discussed above. From the operation 630, the process 600 loops back to the operation 610 to check if there are additional nodes in the AG cluster that need be patched. The process 600 may be summarized as follows:

Discover_setup

While nodes left to patch:

-   -   Actions=Get_next_set_of_steps( )     -   Perform the fetched actions

Get_next_set_of_steps:

-   -   Node=find_next_node_to_patch( )     -   Failover_targets=find_all_failover_targets_to_make_node_secondary(         )     -   Actions=failover tasks and patch operation     -   Return actions

Thus, the process 600 may be repeated after patching each node, thereby accounting for any changes in the AG cluster that may have occurred while a particular node is being patched. In some embodiments, the process 600 may select the next node so as to minimize the number of failover operations. In some embodiments, when selecting a failover target, the controller may attempt to balance write load to prevent too much load on any single node. In some embodiments, snapshots of the node may be taken before patching to ensure that recovery is possible in case of failure. In some embodiments, if a node fails to patch, the controller may undo the patching operation on all the other patched nodes of the AG cluster to avoid any instability in the AG cluster.

Turning now to FIGS. 7-11, various screenshots of the dashboard 210 are shown, in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The screenshots of FIGS. 7-11 show how a patching operation may be scheduled and performed. It is to be understood that each of the screenshots of FIGS. 7-11 is only an example and not intended to be limiting in any way. To perform a patching operation using software profiles, a user may create a new version of a software profile. To create a new version of a software profile, the user may access a software profiles page 700 via the dashboard 210. The software profiles page 700 may have a list 705 of the various available software profiles. The user may select a software profile from the list 705 for which a new version is desired and interact with (e.g., click on) a create button 710.

Upon clicking the create button 710, the user may be presented with a create software profile version page 800, shown in FIG. 8. The user may enter a name 805 and a description 810 for the patch. The user may also add any specific patch notes in the dialog box 815. Further, the user may select the patch file having the patch based on which the new software profile version is desired to be created. In some embodiments, the user may select the patch file from a local computer 820 or from a file share location 825. The user may also be required to enter a username/password 830 to access the patch file. Upon filling all the required information in the create software profile version page 800, the user may interact with (e.g., click on) a create button 835. The newly created software profile version may be stored in the software profiles page 700 of FIG. 7.

After creating the new version of the software profile, the user may navigate, via the dashboard 210, to a homepage 900 of an AG cluster, as shown in FIG. 9. The homepage 900 may show, among other information, software patching information in a software profile version box 905. If a new version of a software profile that is applicable to the AG cluster is available, that new version of the software profile may be shown in the software profile version box 905. If a new version of a software profile is available, the user may interact with (e.g., click on) an update button 910 to start the patching process on the AG cluster. Upon clicking the update button 910, the user may be presented with an update windows cluster dialog box 1000, as shown in FIG. 10.

The user may use the update windows cluster dialog box 1000 to schedule the patching operation. Specifically, in some embodiments, the user may select a name 1005 of the new version of the software profile that is to be applied. The name 1005 may be same as the name 805. The user may also select whether to perform the patching operation right away by selecting a now button 1010 or at a future date by selecting a later button 1015. If the later button 1015 is selected, the user may be presented with options to select a future date and/or time at which to perform the patching operation. The user may interact with (e.g., click on) an update button 1020 to start the patching operation. Upon clicking on the update button 1020, the patching operation starts and a status display 1100 of FIG. 11 is opened. The status display 1100 shows the progress of the patching operation. The patching operation may be performed in accordance with FIGS. 2-6 above.

Thus, the present disclosure provides a mechanism to easily, quickly, and reliably perform a patching operation on an AG cluster using rolling patching while minimizing the downtime of the AG cluster. The patching may use a dynamic patching algorithm to intelligently decide the order in which the nodes of the AG cluster are to be patched, thereby at least increasing the performance of the database system 200.

The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected,” or “operably coupled,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable,” to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.

With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.

It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.” Further, unless otherwise noted, the use of the words “approximate,” “about,” “around,” “substantially,” etc., mean plus or minus ten percent.

The foregoing description of illustrative embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and of description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or limiting with respect to the precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of the disclosed embodiments. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: performing, by a processor executing computer-readable instructions stored on a memory, a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises: determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster; selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first priority is a positive integer value and the second priority is a negative integer value.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the secondary replica node according to the first priority comprises selecting an asynchronous secondary replica node before a synchronous replica node.
 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising selecting the healthy synchronous secondary replica node for patching before the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising selecting the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is remote for patching before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is local.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the first priority for each of the plurality of nodes designated as the primary replica node is computed based on a sum of a pre-determined integer value and a number of availability groups on the primary replica node.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the failover target node according to the second priority further comprises selecting the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is patched before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is unpatched.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein selecting the failover target node according to the second priority further comprises selecting the healthy synchronous secondary replica node and the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node before an asynchronous secondary replica node.
 9. A system comprising: a memory having computer-readable instructions stored thereon; and a processor executing the computer-readable instructions to: perform a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises: determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster; selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the first priority is a positive integer value and the second priority is a negative integer value.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein to select the secondary replica node according to the first priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select an asynchronous secondary replica node before a synchronous replica node.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node for patching before the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is remote for patching before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is local.
 14. The system of claim 9, wherein the first priority for each of the plurality of nodes designated as the primary replica node is computed based on a sum of a pre-determined integer value and a number of availability groups on the primary replica node.
 15. The system of claim 9, wherein to select the failover target node according to the second priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is patched before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is unpatched.
 16. The system of claim 1, wherein to select the failover target node according to the second priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node and the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node before an asynchronous secondary replica node.
 17. A non-transitory computer-readable media comprising computer-readable instructions stored thereon that when executed by a processor cause the processor to: perform a patching operation on an availability group cluster comprising a plurality of nodes, wherein the patching operation is performed in a plurality of iterations, and wherein each of the plurality of iterations comprises: determining, by the processor, a current state of each of the plurality of nodes in the availability group cluster; selecting, by the processor, a next node from the plurality of nodes based on the current state of each of the plurality of nodes; and patching, by the processor, the next node, wherein the plurality of nodes designated as a secondary replica node are selected as the next node before the plurality of nodes designated as a primary replica node; wherein each of the secondary replica node is patched in accordance with a first priority; wherein upon patching each of the secondary replica node, a failover target node for patching the primary replica node is selected; wherein the failover target node is selected based on a second priority; and wherein according to the second priority, a healthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes is selected as the failover target node before an unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node of the plurality of nodes.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein the first priority is a positive integer value and the second priority is a negative integer value.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein to select the secondary replica node according to the first priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select an asynchronous secondary replica node before a synchronous replica node.
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 19, wherein the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node for patching before the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node.
 21. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 20, wherein the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is remote for patching before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is local.
 22. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein the first priority for each of the plurality of nodes designated as the primary replica node is computed based on a sum of a pre-determined integer value and a number of availability groups on the primary replica node.
 23. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein to select the failover target node according to the second priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is patched before the healthy synchronous secondary replica node that is unpatched.
 24. The non-transitory computer-readable media of claim 17, wherein to select the failover target node according to the second priority, the processor further executes computer-readable instructions to select the healthy synchronous secondary replica node and the unhealthy synchronous secondary replica node before an asynchronous secondary replica node. 